Main Page
Welcome to Mapping Land Theft - An interactive map and wiki-space visualization and digitization of Crown lands expansion during the years 1680-1903 as published by the Department of Indian Affairs Canada in the Indian Treaties and Surrenders volumes I & II (1680-1890)[1] and volume III (1890-1903)[2]. These volumes, published in the years 1905 and 1912 respectively, contain documents describing land treaties and surrenders administered by the Crown.
Explore the map in space and time, click on the land features for a pop-up with more information about the surrendered lands and links to their respective wiki-pages with treaty documents, transcriptions, reference material and more.
The map is a spatial-historical inquiry into the land dispensation in Canada: a mapping of Indigenous lands and of the myriad ways – from consent to coercion and theft - that these lands were transferred to Canada. It is a spatial accounting of Canada's historical colonial behaviour. Using the dates of each treaty and land surrender and an interactive timeseries application, the map animates the progression of Crown expansion in a format inspired by Saunt's (2014)[3] Interactive Map of the Loss of Indian Land in the US.'
A primary focus of this project is to build on our understanding of the stories, policies and impositions of possession that shaped Canada. Each treaty and surrender outlined in the published volumes is associated with stories of meetings, changing relationships, new lines drawn through the dirt, hills, forests, mountains, waters and homes. Complete eras, geographies and histories are only so vaguely outlined in the original documents with swaths of time and space indiscriminately spoken away in loose chains of words.
The data in this project is based on available records and may be subject to errors, omissions, and reinterpretations, highlighting the dynamic nature of historical research and its potential for change. Thus, while we strive for accuracy, users are strongly encouraged to critically evaluate the information presented and consult additional sources for confirmation. Should users encounter any inaccuracies, we welcome their engagement in flagging such instances for review and correction.
Mapping Land Theft is a collaborative project that hopes to build a community of contributors to complete the map, transcribe the documents, and continue to build this Wiki environment with more analysis, contexts and perspectives. See the How to Contribute page to learn more.
Contexts and Frameworks
The “colonial relationship” can be understood in spatial terms, in which maps have a special role. Pasternak (2017: 22)[4] writes that “settler states claim authority through taking up Indigenous space”. Goeman (2013: 18)[5] discusses how “maps exert political control by manipulating the representation of space into a language of normativity.” To Goeman, the map objects made by colonial states and the mapping processes are instruments of power: “The development of modern nation-states depended on sending out official mapmaking expeditions as a state tool to find information that would enable the assertion of political force over territories and all contained within.” Goeman also points out that “these colonial maps were instrumental in treaty making and creating national boundaries; they are still used to regulate and determine spatial practices. Dispute of these maps was not uncommon, and tribal leaders would often draw on their own geographical interpretations to dispute the treaties. Native scholars, researchers, and mapmakers who now have more access to the archive are also using maps and documents as sources for land reclamation.”
Thus one arena of conflict between colonial power and Indigenous peoples is the map (Oliver 2011[6], Sparke 1998[7]). Brealey (1995)[8] described the 'cartographic encirclement' of the first nations in BC from 1793-1916, by which maps served to “inscribe and transmit the terms of reference” for a politics of displacement of Indigenous peoples. Bryan and Wood (2015: 74)[9] take up the now infamous assertion by Nietschmann that “more Indigenous territory has been claimed by maps than by guns. This assertion has its corollary: more Indigenous territory can be reclaimed and defended by maps than by guns.” Disputing Nietschmann, they argue that the map cannot have “transcendent outcomes”. They believe that it can “provide instead a distinct way of seeing the world and aligning the forces needed to conform reality with maps.” For colonial power, Bryan and Wood argue, “It's about maps and guns. It's about weaponizing the map.”
Manuel (2017: 70)[10] wrote that “Indigenous peoples, from enjoying 100 percent of the landmass, were reduced by settlers to a tiny patchwork of reserves that consisted of only 0.2 percent of the landmass of Canada”, noting that this was “in simple acreage, the biggest land theft in the history of mankind.” This project aims to account for, analyze, map, and reveal how this land theft occurred.
Hill (2017: 240)[11] concludes that “it was unscrupulous land thefts, policy impositions, and governance interference that created an unreconciled relationship between the Crown and the Haudenosonee.” Further, Hill writes that “there cannot be reconciliation without an equitable accounting for lands and monies illegally and unethically seized.” Monture, director of Six Nations' Land Claims Research Office from 1975-2002, has done much of this detailed accounting for Six Nations, reporting that (https://uwaterloo.ca/architecture/lecture-series/philmonture) when the detailed, documented claims were presented to the Crown, the Crown simply stopped accepting claims from Six Nations[12].
These accounts and experiences are found across the Canadian colonial relationship with Indigenous lands. The Algonquins of Barriere Lake, Pasternak (2017: 8)[4] writes, have faced “the full arsenal of brutal and brazen colonial violence for attempting to define and exercise their self-determination outside of federal policies and legislation. The armory used against them includes a spectrum of weapons, most notably criminalization, financial servitude, and subjection to arcane legislation to abolish the band's customary government.” Coulthard (2014: 4)[13] summarizes two centuries of Canadian policy as a “colonial relationship” which “depended heavily on the deployment of state power geared around genocidal practices of forced exclusion and assimilation.” Simpson (2014: 21)[14] lists a series of techniques “occupying, treating, forceful elimination, containment, assimilation, the coterminous logics and practices and languages of race and civilization” that are used to “sustain dispossession and occupation.” Lawrence (2012: 5)[15] summarizes the colonial process as a “juggernaut of colonial settlement” that “consumed” Indigenous lands. Specific measures have been documented at length, from the residential school system, to the 1927 law making it “illegal for any person to accept payment from an Aboriginal person for the pursuit of land claims” (cited in Bryan and Wood 2015: 55)[9], to the dozens of “coups d'etat in Fourth World Canada”, in which the traditional governing authorities of First Nations were overthrown, whether in Six Nations in 1924 (Hill 2017: 215)[11] or in Barriere Lake in 1995 (Pasternak 2017: 170)[4]. These detailed historical investigations must be compiled and mapped into a national-scale study so that the history of Canadian land can also be analyzed from broader perspectives.
Coulthard (2014)[13], Simpson (2014)[14], Simpson (2011)[16], Turner (2006)[17], Alfred (2009)[18], Maracle (1996)[19], Lawrence (2012)[15], Saul (2014)[20], Manuel (2015[21], 2017[10]), among others, have articulated a concept of Indigenous resurgence: that in Canada, First Nations are developing a paradigm centered on territory and sovereignty and moving away from the colonial paradigm of gradual extinguishment of rights.
The anti-colonial theoretical frameworks deployed by these scholars inform the proposed historical inquiry. Several detailed studies of land encroachment on specific First Nations (e.g. Pasternak (2017)[4], Monture (2017)[12], Hill (2017)[11], Richardson (2008)[22]) reveal, at a finer resolution, the theoretical framework in which the Mapping Land Theft project will proceed at a coarser, national scale.
Indexes
The Indexes at the beginning of the source documents have been transcribed and uploaded to this wiki here: Index Table. The information has also been added to each treaty's page by treaty number.
Treaty Pages
Treaty Pages | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Volumes 1 & 2 | Volume 3 | ||||||
Treaty # (page link) | Date | Polygon | Transcription | Treaty # (page link) | Date | Polygon | Transcription |
1 | 1781/05/12 | ✓ | ✓ | 281 | 1851/05/22 | ✓ | ✓ |
2 | 1790/05/19 | ✓ | ✓ | 282 | 1889/09/02 | ✓ | ✓ |
3 | 1792/12/19 | ✓ | ✓ | 283 | 1890/05/12 | ✓ | |
3.5 | 1793/04/01 | ✓ | ✓ | 284 | 1890/05/19 | ✓ | ✓ |
3.75 | 1795/10/24 | ✓ | ✓ | 285 | 1890/04/31 | ✓ | ✓ |
4 | 1793/01/14 | ✓ | ✓ | 286 | 1881/01/04 | ✓ | |
4.25 | 1796/05/20 | ✓ | 287 | 1890/07/29 | ✓ | ||
4.5 | 1680/05/29 | ✓ | 288 | 1890/09/29 | ✓ | ✓ | |
5 | 1798/05/22 | ✓ | ✓ | 289 | 1890/07/25 | ✓ | ✓ |
6 | 1796/09/07 | ✓ | ✓ | 290 | 1890/05/23 | ✓ | ✓ |
7 | 1796/09/07 | ✓ | ✓ | 291 | 1890/12/29 | ✓ | ✓ |
8 | 1797/08/21 | ✓ | ✓ | 292 | 1890/12/29 | ✓ | ✓ |
9 | 1798/01/15 | ✓ | 293 | 1891/01/05 | ✓ | ||
10 | 1798/02/05 | ✓ | ✓ | 294 | 1891/04/13 | ✓ | ✓ |
11 | 1798/06/30 | ✓ | ✓ | 295 | 1891/04/13 | ✓ | ✓ |
12 | 1800/09/11 | ✓ | ✓ | 296 | 1882/02/06 | ✓ | ✓ |
13 | 1787/09/23 | ✓ | ✓ | 297 | 1891/07/23 | ✓ | ✓ |
13a | 1805/08/02 | ✓ | ✓ | 298 | 1891/09/07 | ✓ | ✓ |
14 | 1806/09/05 | ✓ | ✓ | 299 | 1880/06/12 | ✓ | ✓ |
15 | 1809/11/14 | ✓ | ✓ | 300 | 1876/12/22 | ✓ | ✓ |
16 | 1815/11/17 | ✓ | ✓ | 301 | 1886/08/13 | ✓ | ✓ |
17 | 1816/08/05 | ✓ | 302 | 1888/12/11 | ✓ | ||
18 | 1818/10/17 | ✓ | ✓ | 303 | 1891/01/11 | ✓ | ✓ |
19 | 1818/10/28 | ✓ | ✓ | 304 | 1891/12/23 | ✓ | ✓ |
20 | 1818/11/05 | ✓ | ✓ | 305 | 1892/03/22 | ✓ | ✓ |
21 | 1819/03/09 | ✓ | 306 | 1892/04/28 | ✓ | ✓ | |
22 | 1820/02/28 | ✓ | 307 | 1892/04/28 | ✓ | ✓ | |
23 | 1820/02/28 | ✓ | 308 | 1892/04/28 | ✓ | ✓ | |
24 | 1820/7/20 | ✓ | ✓ | 309 | 1892/04/28 | ✓ | ✓ |
25 | 1822/07/08 | ✓ | 310 | 1888/03/05 | ✓ | ✓ | |
26 | 1822/10/14 | ✓ | 311 | 1888/11/27 | ✓ | ✓ | |
27 | 1819/05/31 | ✓ | ✓ | 312 | 1891/03/18 | ✓ | ✓ |
27.25 | 1822/11/28 | ✓ | 313 | 1891/03/18 | ✓ | ✓ | |
27.5 | 1825/04/26 | ✓ | 314 | 1891/10/17 | ✓ | ✓ | |
28 | 1826/04/12 | ✓ | 315 | 1892/06/09 | ✓ | ✓ | |
28.5 | 1826/08/04 | ✓ | ✓ | 316 | 1888/05/05 | ✓ | ✓ |
29 | 1827/07/10 | ✓ | 317 | 1892/05/30 | ✓ | ✓ | |
30 | 1830/04/19 | ✓ | ✓ | 318 | 1892/06/02 | ✓ | ✓ |
31 | 1831/04/19 | ✓ | 319 | 1892/05/11 | ✓ | ✓ | |
32 | 1831/06/06 | ✓ | 320 | 1892/06/28 | ✓ | ✓ | |
33 | 1830/06/06 | ✓ | 321 | 1892/05/05 | ✓ | ✓ | |
34 | 1831/06/06 | ✓ | 322 | 1892/05/19 | ✓ | ✓ | |
35 | 1833/08/13 | ✓ | 323 | 1891/12/02 | ✓ | ||
36 | 1833/11/18 | ✓ | 324 | 1892/08/06 | |||
37 | 1834/02/05 | ✓ | 325 | 1892/09/22 | |||
38 | 1834/02/08 | ✓ | ✓ | 326 | 1890/05/12 | ||
39 | 1835/03/26 | 327 | 1890/05/10 | ||||
40 | 1835/04/02 | ✓ | ✓ | 328 | 1890/05/19 | ||
40.5 | 1835/12/15 | ✓ | ✓ | 329 | 1889/08/30 | ||
41 | 1835/12/23 | 330 | 1893/01/02 | ✓ | |||
41.5 | 1835/01/20 | 331 | 1856/09/04 | ||||
42 | 1836/02/02 | ✓ | ✓ | 332 | 1892/12/04 | ||
42.5 | 1836/03/10 | 333 | 1893/01/14 | ||||
43 | 1836/03/01 | 334 | 1893/02/23 | ✓ | |||
44 | 1836/05/25 | 335 | 1893/03/29 | ✓ | |||
45 | 1836/08/09 | ✓ | ✓ | 336 | 1892/10/03 | ✓ | |
45.2 | 1836/08/09 | 337 | 1893/06/17 | ||||
45.5 | 1836/08/09 | ✓ | ✓ | 338 | 1893/06/20 | ||
46 | 1836/09/20 | ✓ | ✓ | 339 | 1893/06/09 | ✓ | |
47 | 1836/10/25 | ✓ | 340 | 1893/05/09 | |||
48 | 1839/02/08 | 341 | 1893/06/14 | ✓ | |||
48.5 | 1837/04/03 | ✓ | ✓ | 342 | 1893/09/04 | ✓ | |
49 | 1838/06/15 | 343 | 1892/09/18 | ✓ | |||
50 | 1841/01/18 | 344 | 1893/10/21 | ✓ | |||
51 | 1843/04/15 | 345 | 1894/01/24 | ||||
52 | 1834/11/03 | 346 | 1892/11/02 | ||||
53 | 1844/06/03 | 347 | 1893/10/17 | ||||
53.5 | 1843/08/18 | 348 | 1894/01/24 | ||||
54 | 1845/02/20 | 349 | 1889/08/05 | ||||
55 | 1845/04/29 | 350 | 1894/03/27 | ||||
56 | 1846/07/11 | ✓ | ✓ | 351 | 1894/02/13 | ||
57 | 1847/06/01 | ✓ | ✓ | 352 | 1894/03/17 | ✓ | |
58 | 1848/02/12 | 353 | 1894/04/16 | ||||
58.5a | 1847/01/12 | 354 | 1894/06/12 | ||||
58.5b | 1849/02/13 | 355 | 1894/04/10 | ||||
58.5c | 1849/02/13 | 356 | 1894/11/05 | ||||
58.5d | 1849/02/13 | 357 | 1893/08/03 | ||||
58.5e | 1849/02/13 | 358 | 1894/10/22 | ||||
59 | 359 | 1894/10/09 | |||||
60 | 1850/09/07 | ✓ | ✓ | 360 | 1894/08/13 | ||
61 | 1850/09/09 | ✓ | ✓ | 361 | 1894/12/05 | ||
65 | 1831/05/18 | 362 | 1895/04/10 | ||||
65.5 | 1843/01/04 | 363 | 1895/05/27 | ||||
66 | 1852/06/17 | ✓ | ✓ | 364 | 1895/07/15 | ||
66.25 | 1848/01/18 | 365 | 1894/04/21 | ||||
66.5 | 1851/03/06 | 366A | 1895/04/10 | ||||
67 | 366B | 1895/06/06 | |||||
68 | 1850/11/08 | 367 | 1895/09/02 | ||||
68.5 | 1852/07/28 | ✓ | 368 | 1894/09/21 | ✓ | ||
69 | 1852/08/25 | 369 | 1895/08/13 | ||||
70 | 1852/12/03 | 370A | 1895/09/12 | ||||
71 | 1853/07/19 | ✓ | 370B | 1899/05/18 | |||
71.5 | 1854/05/10 | ✓ | 370C | 1906-09-20 | |||
72 | 1854/10/13 | ✓ | ✓ | 371 | 1895/11/06 | ||
74 | 1834/04/19 | 372 | 1895/12/10 | ||||
75 | 1855/04/10 | 373 | 1894/09/02 | ||||
75.5 | 1856/01/31 | 374 | 1895/12/19 | ||||
76 | 1856/06/05 | 375 | 1895/09/14 | ||||
77 | 1856/06/19 | 376 | 1896/05/16 | ||||
78 | 1856/06/24 | 377 | 1896/04/21 | ||||
79 | 1857/02/09 | 378 | 1896/04/15 | ||||
80 | 1857/01/16 | 379 | 1895/10/24 | ||||
80.5 | 1857/01/19 | 380 | 1882/10/17 | ✓ | |||
81 | 1856/07/04 | 381 | 1781/05/09 | ✓ | |||
82 | 1857/02/09 | ✓ | ✓ | 382 | 1895/10/09 | ||
83 | 1857/04/09 | 383 | 1897/06/23 | ||||
84 | 1839/02/08 | 384 | 1897/08/16 | ||||
85 | 1857/07/21 | 385 | 1897/02/11 | ||||
86 | 1857/07/21 | 386 | 1897/06/07 | ✓ | |||
87 | 1843/11/29 | 387 | 1897/08/31 | ||||
88 | 1842/05/17 | 388 | 1897/06/06 | ||||
89 | 1842/08/03 | 389 | 1896/06/26 | ✓ | |||
90 | 1843/07/12 | 390 | 1897/08/23 | ||||
91a | 1859/06/09 | 391 | 1897/09/11 | ||||
91b | 1859/06/10 | 392 | 1897/12/18 | ||||
91c | 1859/06/11 | 393 | 1896/09/26 | ||||
92 | 1859/07/05 | ✓ | ✓ | 394 | 1898/01/14 | ✓ | |
93 | 1861/08/16 | ✓ | 395 | 1898/06/04 | |||
94 | 1862/10/06 | 396 | 1898/06/04 | ||||
95 | 1862/09/26 | ✓ | 397 | 1898/05/31 | |||
96 | 1848/01/18 | 398 | 1898/05/31 | ||||
97 | 1863/02/27 | 399 | 1898/05/24 | ||||
98 | 1862/11/06 | 400 | 1898/05/24 | ||||
99 | 1826/08/03 | 401 | 1898/06/08 | ||||
100 | 1841/03/13 | 402 | 1898/05/21 | ✓ | |||
101 | 1842/03/08 | 403 | 1898/06/04 | ||||
103 | 1865/08/16 | 404 | 1898/10/12 | ||||
104 | 1856/04/21 | 405 | 1898/08/13 | ✓ | |||
105 | 1865/09/21 | 406A | 1898/10/29 | ||||
106 | 1784/10/25 | 406B | 1989-11-11 | ||||
107 | 1866/12/13 | ✓ | 407 | 1898/12/09 | ✓ | ||
108 | 1867/03/26 | 408 | 1899/07/01 | ✓ | |||
109 | 1865/08/19 | ✓ | 409 | 1897/10/11 | |||
110 | 1868/07/07 | ✓ | 410 | 1899/01/13 | |||
111 | 1867/07/09 | 411 | 1899/01/26 | ||||
112 | 1869/05/17 | 412 | 1742/03/08 | ||||
113 | 1869/06/25 | ✓ | 413 | 1794/02/26 | |||
113.5 | 1869/08/04 | 414 | 1899/05/13 | ||||
114 | 1868/07/04 | 415 | 1894/05/03 | ||||
116 | 1786/05/15 | 416A | |||||
116.5 | 1869/08/04 | 416B | |||||
117 | 1868/08/14 | 417 | |||||
118 | 1841/11/08 | 418 | |||||
119 | 1871/05/05 | ✓ | 419 | ||||
120 | 1866/06/26 | ✓ | 420 | ||||
121 | 1870/01/20 | ✓ | ✓ | 421 | |||
122 | 1870/09/03 | ✓ | 422 | ||||
123 | 1871/04/26 | ✓ | 423 | 1899/07/19 | |||
124 | 1817/07/18 | ✓ | 424 | 1899/09/08 | |||
124.1 | 1875/08/23 | ✓ | 425 | 1899/08/14 | |||
124.2 | 1875/08/30 | ✓ | 426 | 1899/07/18 | |||
124.3 | 427 | 1899/10/31 | |||||
124.4 | 428 | 1890/06/21 | |||||
125 | 1871/08/21 | ✓ | 429 | 1900-01-03 | ✓ | ||
126 | 1872/01/18 | ✓ | 430 | 1900-01-08 | |||
127 | 1872/01/17 | ✓ | 431 | 1894/05/31 | |||
128 | 1870/12/05 | 432 | 1900-03-05 | ||||
129 | 1873/03/07 | 433 | |||||
130 | 1872/05/20 | 434 | 1900-05-12 | ||||
131,132 | 435 | 1900-05-25 | ✓ | ||||
133 | 1867/04/15 | 436 | 1900-05-09 | ✓ | |||
134 | 1873/09/10 | ✓ | 437 | 1900-04-07 | ✓ | ||
135 | 1874/09/21 | 438 | 1900-09-10 | ✓ | |||
136 | 1873/08/19 | ✓ | 439 | 1900-07-18 | |||
137 | 1859/04/07 | ✓ | 440 | 1900-12-05 | |||
138 | 1870/04/07 | 441 | 1900-10-17 | ||||
140 | 1874/11/25 | 442 | 1900-12-20 | ||||
141 | 1874/11/27 | 443 | 1900-12-29 | ||||
142 | 1874/07/15 | 444 | 1901-06-10 | ||||
143 | 1875/01/14 | 445 | 1901-07-19 | ✓ | ✓ | ||
144 | 1875/05/17 | 446 | 1901-04-26 | ✓ | |||
145 | 1875/08/07 | ✓ | 447 | 1900-07-20 | |||
146 | 1875/08/20 | ✓ | 448 | 1901-03-21 | |||
147 | 1875/08/26 | 449 | 1901-03-21 | ||||
148 | 1839/06/17 | 450 | 1901-09-25 | ||||
149A | 1875/09/24 | 451 | 1901-10-03 | ||||
149B | 1875/09/28 | 452 | 1901-11-26 | ||||
149C | 1876/09/07 | 453 | 1892/03/04 | ||||
149D | 1876/09/07 | 454 | 1901-12-16 | ||||
149E | 1876/08/04 | 455 | 1902-01-20 | ||||
149F | 1876/07/26 | 456 | 1902-03-29 | ||||
150 | 1875/09/29 | 457 | 1902-03-29 | ||||
152 | 1779/08/02 | 458 | 1902-05-21 | ||||
153 | 1874/03/24 | ✓ | 459 | 1902-07-07 | |||
154 | 1876/08/31 | ✓ | 460 | 1902-10-17 | |||
155 | 1876/09/01 | ✓ | 461 | 1902-05-12 | |||
156 | 1877/01/18 | 462 | 1902-07-24 | ||||
157A | 1876/09/09 | 463 | 1902-11-07 | ||||
157B | 1877/08/09 | 464 | 1902-10-30 | ||||
157C | 1877/09/25 | 465 | 1902-10-29 | ||||
157D | 1878/08/19 | 466 | 1902-10-29 | ||||
157E | 1878/08/29 | 467 | 1903-01-08 | ||||
157F | 1878/09/03 | 468 | 1902-12-26 | ||||
157G | 1878/09/18 | 469 | 1902-06-16 | ||||
157H | 1879/07/02 | 470 | 1902-08-29 | ||||
158 | 1876/02/10 | 471 | 1902-08-27 | ||||
159 | 472 | 1903-01-30 | |||||
160 | 1876/06/28 | ✓ | 473 | 1903-01-16 | |||
161 | 1887/03/13 | 474 | 1902-12-01 | ||||
162 | 1877/08/20 | 475 | 1903-06-18 | ||||
163 | 1877/09/22 | ✓ | ✓ | 476 | 1903-04-20 | ||
164 | 1871/09/24 | 477 | 1903-07-20 | ||||
165 | 1872/01/17 | ✓ | 478 | ||||
166 | 1877/15/11 | ✓ | 479 | ||||
167 | 1877/12/21 | ✓ | ✓ | 480 | 1903-08-24 | ||
168 | 1878/01/15 | ✓ | 481 | 1903-10-24 | |||
168.5 | 1878/02/18 | ✓ | 482 | 1903-11-27 | |||
169 | 1879/03/20 | ✓ | ✓ | 483 | 1902-03-07 | ||
170 | 1876/06/28 | ||||||
171 | 1879/05/09 | ||||||
172 | 1879/08/29 | ||||||
173 | 1880/02/19 | ||||||
175 | |||||||
176 | 1880/08/20 | ||||||
177 | |||||||
178 | |||||||
179 | 1880/04/27 | ||||||
180 | 1881/01/08 | ||||||
182 | 1881/04/30 | ||||||
183 | 1881/03/07 | ||||||
184 | 06/10/1881 | ||||||
185 | 1881/07/27 | ||||||
186 | 1881/01/28 | ✓ | |||||
187 | 1877/12/21 | ||||||
188 | 1809/11/19 | ||||||
189 | 1882/02/14 | ||||||
190 | 1806/05/02 | ||||||
191 | 1840/10/07 | ||||||
192 | 1882/01/30 | ✓ | |||||
193 | 1840/02/21 | ||||||
194 | 1837/08/29 | ||||||
195 | 1882/04/25 | ||||||
196 | 1882/09/06 | ||||||
197 | 1882/08/17 | ||||||
198 | 1882/12/15 | ||||||
199 | 1882/11/13 | ||||||
200 | 1882/12/21 | ||||||
201 | 1882/12/08 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
202 | 1884/02/07 | ||||||
203 | 1884/02/01 | ||||||
204 | 1884/02/04 | ||||||
205 | 1883/07/25 | ||||||
206 | 1867/06/20 | ||||||
207 | 1883/05/31 | ||||||
208 | 1883/05/08 | ||||||
209 | 1883/12/28 | ||||||
210 | 1883/09/28 | ||||||
211 | 1883/12/24 | ||||||
212 | 1883/05/01 | ||||||
213 | 1885/01/14 | ||||||
214 | 1885/01/17 | ||||||
215 | 1879/05/07 | ||||||
216 | 1879/05/07 | ||||||
217 | 1885/04/29 | ||||||
218 | 1885/05/06 | ||||||
219 | 1885/09/14 | ||||||
220 | 1885/09/29 | ||||||
221 | 1885/11/04 | ||||||
222 | 1885/10/07 | ||||||
223 | 1885/10/07 | ||||||
224 | 1887/05/14 | ||||||
225 | 1886/07/18 | ||||||
226 | 1886/07/05 | ||||||
227 | 1841/06/21 | ✓ | |||||
228 | 1840/10/09 | ✓ | |||||
229 | 1841/09/14 | ||||||
230 | 1840/11/26 | ||||||
231 | 1844/03/08 | ||||||
232 | 1844/06/02 | ||||||
233 | 1848/12/20 | ||||||
234 | 1842/03/12 | ||||||
235 | 1867/03/08 | ||||||
236 | 1886/12/16 | ||||||
237 | 1886/09/09 | ||||||
238 | 1886/08/02 | ||||||
239 | 1725/12/15 | ||||||
240 | 1887/06/11 | ||||||
241 | 1887/11/09 | ||||||
242 | 1885/07/10 | ||||||
243 | 1887/04/27 | ✓ | |||||
244 | 1887/05/14 | ||||||
245 | 1887/09/22 | ||||||
246 | 1887/10/11 | ✓ | |||||
247 | 1886/12/04 | ✓ | |||||
248 | 1888/12/04 | ||||||
249 | 1888/01/05 | ||||||
250 | 1888/01/17 | ||||||
251 | 1885/05/06 | ✓ | |||||
252 | 1888/02/16 | ||||||
253 | 1888/02/16 | ||||||
254 | 1887/11/05 | ✓ | |||||
255 | 1882/04/28 | ||||||
256 | 1874/06/13 | ||||||
257 | 1887/12/26 | ||||||
258 | 1888/06/29 | ✓ | |||||
259 | 1888/08/29 | ||||||
260 | 1888/07/06 | ||||||
261 | 1886/10/08 | ✓ | |||||
262 | 1888/12/01 | ||||||
263 | 1889/01/18 | ||||||
264 | 1888/12/27 | ||||||
265 | 1889/02/11 | ||||||
266 | 1855/05/27 | ||||||
267 | 1889/05/17 | ||||||
268 | 1888/05/15 | ||||||
269 | 1889/06/06 | ||||||
270 | 1889/06/26 | ||||||
271 | 1889/06/04 | ||||||
272 | 1889/06/04 | ||||||
273 | 1888/11/19 | ||||||
274 | 1889/07/31 | ||||||
275 | 1887/12/26 | ||||||
276 | 1889/08/23 | ||||||
277 | 1889/08/23 | ||||||
278 | 1890/01/08 | ||||||
279 | 1890/03/14 | ||||||
280 | 1890/03/18 | ||||||
280.5 | 1820/05/09 | ||||||
Appendix. Seeds Sault St. Louis and Caughnawaga Reserve | 1874/06/09 |
- ↑ Canada Department of Indian Affairs. Indian Treaties and Surrenders, from 1680-1890. Ottawa: S.E. Dawson printer to the King’s most excellent majesty, 1905
- ↑ Canada. Indian Treaties and Surrenders from No. 281 to No. 483. CIHM/ICMH Digital Series = CIHM/ICMH Collection Numérisée. Ottawa: C.H. Parmelee, 1912.
- ↑ Saunt, C. (2014). West of the Revolution: An Uncommon History of 1776. WW Norton & Company.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Pasternak, S. (2017). Grounded Authority: The Algonquins of Barriere Lake Against the State. University of Minnesota Press. Winnipeg.
- ↑ Goeman, M. (2013). Mark my words: Native women mapping our nations. University of Minnesota Press. Minneapolis.
- ↑ Oliver, J. (2011). On mapping and its afterlife: Unfolding landscapes in northwestern North America. World Archaeology, 43(1), 66-85.
- ↑ Sparke, M. (1998). A map that roared and an original atlas: Canada, cartography, and the narration of nation. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 88(3), 463-495.
- ↑ Brealey, K. G. (1995). Mapping Them ‘Out’: Euro‐Canadian Cartography and the Appropriation of the Nuxalk and Ts'ilhqot ‘In First Nations’ Territories, 1793–1916. The Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe canadien, 39(2), 140-156.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Bryan, J., & Wood, D. (2015). Weaponizing maps: Indigenous peoples and counterinsurgency in the Americas. Guilford Publications.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Manuel, A. (2017). The Reconciliation Manifesto: Recovering the Land, Rebuilding the Economy. Toronto, ON: James Lorimer & Company.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Hill, S. M. (2017). The Clay We are Made of: Haudenosaunee Land Tenure on the Grand River. University of Manitoba Press. Winnipeg.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Monture, P. (2017). “A Global Solution for the Six Nations of the Grand River.” Presented as part of Treaty Lands, Global Stories. University of Waterloo School of Architecture. On Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G_BqiOc8m2E/. Accessed October 1, 2017.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Coulthard, G. S. (2014). Red skin, White masks. University of Minnesota Press. Minneapolis.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Simpson, A. (2014). Mohawk interruptus: Political life across the borders of settler states. Duke University Press.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Lawrence, B. (2012). Fractured Homeland: Federal Recognition and Algonquin Identity in Ontario. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.
- ↑ Simpson, L. (2011). Dancing on our turtle's back: Stories of nishnaabeg re-creation, resurgence and a new emergence. Arbeiter Ring Pub
- ↑ Turner, D. A. (2006). This is not a peace pipe: Towards a critical indigenous philosophy. University of Toronto Press.
- ↑ Alfred, T. (2009). Wasase. University of Toronto Press. Toronto.
- ↑ Maracle, L. (1996). I am woman: A native perspective on sociology and feminism. Global Professional Publishing.
- ↑ Saul, J. R. (2014). The Comeback: How Aboriginals Are Reclaiming Power And Influence. Penguin Canada.
- ↑ Manuel, A. (2015). Unsettling Canada: A National Wake-Up Call. Toronto, ON: Between the Lines.
- ↑ Richardson, B. (2008). Strangers devour the land. Chelsea Green Publishing. Vermont.